Out-of-Memory Problems for DOS
How much memory does your DOS program require? If the System Requirements
listing for your program say 640K memory or 4MB RAM, then you don't know;
these numbers simply tell you what the total system memory should be, not
the amount of available memory. Some examples of good memory requirements
are 586K conventional memory and 2560K extended memory.
First of all, it would help to know that PC-compatible computers use
several different kinds of memory. DOS programs mostly stick with conventional
memory, because that has been around since the 8086 and is still used for
backwards compatibility. Conventional memory has a limit of 640K in all
Intel x86 processors, including the Pentium, and there is absolutely no
way to increase that space. The other two types of memory are easily confused:
expanded and extended. Expanded memory was just a hack used on the 80286;
it's no longer real, but can be faked using extended memory. Extended memory
is all the rest of the memory on your computer except for the first 1MB.
So, you need to know how much conventional memory your program needs,
how much extended memory, and whether it uses expanded memory. Once you
find those number, then you need to know what your computer has available.
At the DOS prompt, type MEM. This
will give you a display similar to:
Memory Type Total Used Free
---------------- -------- -------- --------
Conventional 640K 64K 577K
Upper 75K 75K 0K
Reserved 384K 384K 0K
Extended (XMS) 2,997K 249K 2,748K
---------------- -------- -------- --------
Total memory 4,096K 772K 3,325K
Total under 1 MB 715K 138K 577K
Total Expanded (EMS) 3M (3,522,560 bytes)
Free Expanded (EMS) 3M (3,522,560 bytes)
Largest executable program size 576K (590,320 bytes)
Largest free upper memory block 0K (0 bytes)
MS-DOS is resident in the high memory area.
This example shows that my computer has 577K conventional memory free
for DOS programs, and 2,748K extended memory free. It also shows that my
computer is pretending it has expanded memory.
What can you do if the total memory is ok, but you don't have enough
memory available? The most common procedure is to stop loading programs
into memory. Try typing MEM /C /P from the DOS
prompt; this will list the programs that are in conventional memory
as well as how much memory each one is using. Notice also that there is
yet another type of memory: upper. This is the memory area normally reserved
for hardware, but not all of it will be in use, so the computer can make
use of the 'holes'. In the above example, I had no upper memory available,
but if you do, you can move whatever programs are small enough to fit there
by changing the keyword DEVICE to DEVICEHIGH if the program
is loading in the CONFIG.SYS file, or by adding LH in front of
the command if it loads from your AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
Let's say you did that already, and there still isn't enough conventional
memory available for your program. What then? Well, you'll have to take
a closer look at the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files and decide if you
really need all those programs. The best way to experiment with this, if
you have DOS 6.2 or later, is to reboot your computer and press the F8
key right when it says "Starting MS-DOS". The you can pick and
choose which programs get started and which ones don't. Here are a few
tips:
 | Do use DOS=HIGH,UMB. This moves 64K of DOS out of conventional
memory, and it doesn't use any upper memory either! |
| Do use DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS. DOS can't move anything out
of conventional memory without it. |
| Do use EMM386.EXE. This allows you to use the upper memory
area. On this same line, you need to add the word RAM if your
program requires expanded memory, or NOEMS if your program does
not use expanded memory. |
If you're short on extended memory, SMARTDRV uses a lot so try disabling it in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file, or using a lower
cache size. If you want to disable a line in you autoexec.bat or
config.sys you can type REM at the beginning of the line and the operating
system will skip reading that line.
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